Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common cardiac arrhythmia, is associated with high morbidity and mortality, largely attributable to an increased risk of stroke and systemic embolism. Anticoagulation is an efficacious treatment in the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism; however, it also increases the risk of bleeding. As the risks for stroke and bleeding are highly variable between AF patients, improvement of the yet available individual risk stratifications would be of high importance in clinical practice.
