Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been a health problem worldwide that is characterized by the high incidence, poor prognosis, and large healthcare cost [1]. Since CKD has insidious onset and atypical clinical symptoms at the early stage, most CKD patients are not diagnosed until the disease has progressed to the middle or advanced stages [2]. In the past decades, biomarkers in terms of the disease prognosis, progression, and diagnosis remain insufficient despite the remarkable progress in CKD treatment [3].
