Heart failure (HF) represents a growing public health burden with an estimated prevalence in Europe and United States ranging from 0.4% to 2% [1]. According to the 2021 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines, HF has been divided into three distinct phenotypes based on the assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction (EF): HF with reduced EF (HFrEF, with EF ≤ 40%), HF with mildly reduced EF (HFmrEF, 41 ≤ EF ≤ 49%) and HF with preserved EF (HFpEF, EF ≥ 50%) [2,3]. Patients with EF in the 40 - 50% range may benefit from similar therapies to those with HFrEF [4–6].
