Chronic hyperuricemia may result from increased purine catabolism through endogenous and/or dietary sources including fructose, alcohol, and purine-rich foods like certain meats and seafood [1]. In addition, increased activity of aldose reductase and xantine oxidase (XO), as occurring during ischemia, heat stress, and dehydration, have been associated with a rise in intracellular and circulating uric acid (UA) levels. Moreover, in up to two-thirds of cases, reduced renal excretion is the dominant mechanism accounting for increased serum UA levels.
