Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is important in revealing the aetiology of cardiac disorders for individuals in whom non-invasive approaches are insufficient to gather a correct diagnosis, as well as in rejection surveillance after cardiac transplantation [1,2]. Serious complications of EMB performed under the fluoroscopic guidance, which is the traditional guidance mode, can be rare in a few highly experienced medical centres [3]. Meanwhile, most medical centres have limited experience on EMB, where the serious complications are not rare [4,5].
