COPD is a complex, heterogeneous, and chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by persistent and poorly reversible airflow limitation, along with significant respiratory symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and sputum production [1]. Approximately 10% of individuals over 45 years of age are affected by COPD, which imposes a high economic burden on the healthcare system [2]. Available therapeutic strategies for COPD include both non-pharmacologic interventions (such as smoking cessation and pulmonary rehabilitation) and pharmacologic interventions (including long-acting β2-agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists, sometimes combined with inhaled corticosteroids).
