Heart failure (HF) is defined as a clinical syndrome with symptoms and/or signs caused by a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality, corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptides and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion [1]. Although the incidence of HF has stabilized or slightly declined over the past decade, its prevalence continues to increase due to the ageing of society and advances in pharmacological and interventional therapies, with more than 60 million people currently affected by HF worldwide [2–4].
