Multimorbidity, the coexistence of multiple non-communicable diseases in an individual, is a growing concern, especially in an aging population [1]. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which affects over 300 million people globally, frequently suffer from comorbidities including heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and lung cancer, which interact to worsen outcomes [2,3]. Indeed, patients with COPD who are older than 55 years typically die not only from respiratory failure, but also from comorbid heart failure, atrial fibrillation, ischaemic heart disease, and lung cancer, while death in younger patients is most often due to lung cancer, human immunodeficiency virus, tuberculosis and substance abuse [4,5].
