Heart failure (HF) is currently classified into three categories, according to left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF): HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF; LVEF <40%), HF with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF; LVEF 40–49%) and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; LVEF ≥50%). While HFrEF patients are usually male and have a history of coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, the clinical spectrum of HFpEF has proven to be much more heterogeneous.
