Clinical reasoning (mostly diagnostic reasoning) is made of two sequential steps: firstly, problem-solving - estimating disease probabilities through information from the physical exam and sequential tests, providing new information to refine the probability that the patient has a specific disease. Secondly, decision-analysis - a method that formally integrates the evidence regarding the beneficial and harmful effects of treatment options, considering the patient´s values regarding those effects, requiring knowledge of treatment effects, and whether the benefits outweigh risks and costs.
