Published: 23 July 2025
Author(s): Haonan Zhao, Guo Lin, Yuhang Yin, Qinke Wu, Yan Wang, Ning Tang, Xingshun Qi
Issue: July 2025
Section: Review Article

Plastics are light, durable, low-cost daily necessities used in packaging, medical treatment, electronics, and transportation [1]. Global plastic production has increased from less than two megatons (Mt) per year in the 1950s to over 460 Mt annually today [2]. Notably, plastic pollution has become a growing global environmental problem. It is estimated that 120 Mt of plastic waste would be accumulated in ecosystems worldwide by 2050 [3].

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