Heart failure (HF), as the final phase of various cardiovascular disorders, imposes a formidable global healthcare challenge due to its diverse morbidity and high rate of mortality [1]. HF and kidney disease are closely bidirectionally related and frequently coexist [2]. Approximately 50 % of individuals with HF present with concurrent chronic kidney disease (CKD), irrespective of the levels of ejection fraction [3]. Conversely, a substantial proportion of CKD patients, ranging from 17 % to 21 %, will eventually develop HF[4].
