Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a multifaceted and increasingly prevalent clinical syndrome that presents significant challenges in both diagnosis and management. Its heterogeneous nature and limited therapeutic options make effective management challenging. The presence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in HFpEF further complicates management, as AF can worsen the hemodynamic abnormalities and symptoms associated with HFpEF. The bidirectional interaction between HFpEF and AF, where each condition exacerbates the other, complicates treatment.
