In the context of the increasing complexity of patients with heart failure (HF) and the rapid expansion of available therapies, clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have become indispensable for standardizing care. To better understand how recommendations have evolved over the past two decades and to identify the essential elements that shape the optimal HF care pathway, we conducted a systematic review with narrative synthesis of the CPGs published by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/Heart Failure Society of America (AHA/ACC/HFSA) between 2001 and 2023 [1,2].
