Heart failure (HF) is a complex, increasingly prevalent syndrome burdened by poor quality of life, compromised capability to accomplish activities of daily living, high healthcare costs, and still high morbidity and mortality rates [1–3]. Notably, recent data from the USA suggest a reversal in the long-standing decline of HF mortality [4]. Risk assessment can help raise the awareness of poor prognosis among clinicians, influence physician prescribing behaviors, inform shared clinical decision-making, and target high-risk patients with advanced care management strategies.
