The rapid rise in ultra-processed foods (UPFs) has become a significant public health concern worldwide [1]. UPFs are typically high in unhealthy fats, refined sugars, refined carbohydrates, sodium, and additives while being low in essential nutrients like proteins, fibers, and vitamins [1]. Their high glycemic index and load contribute to blood sugar spikes, increasing the risk of metabolic disorders [2]. Emerging evidence indicates that the consumption of UPFs plays a significant role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), metabolic complications such as obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome (MetS), collectively referred to as the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome [3].
