Current European guidelines recommend hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance in patients with an annual HCC risk of 1.5% or higher comprising serial ultrasound imaging ± alpha fetoprotein (AFP) measurements every 6 months [1]. A follow-up policy statement endorses a risk-based approach and suggests that low-risk cirrhotic patients, approximately 20%, could be omitted from regular monitoring; conversely, they propose more intensive surveillance with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in high-risk individuals, 5-10% [2].
