During COVID-19 epidemic ongoing clinical research slowed down while an unprecedented amount of individual research on the infection broke out disproportionately with results, low respect to the volume of activities. In contrast, all large trials conducted by expert groups adopted on adaptive designs [1–4]. This was new, dictated by the emergency and by the need of finding a way to control the pandemic. Differently from conventional clinical trials, the adaptive designs are flexible and adjustable to the circumstances, even during the course of the study (Table 1) [2].
