Published: 8 July 2022
Author(s): Marco Proietti, Giulio Francesco Romiti, Marco Vitolo, Marco Borgi, Arianna Di Rocco, Alessio Farcomeni, Kazuo Miyazawa, Jeff S Healey, Deirdre A Lane, Giuseppe Boriani, Stefania Basili, Gregory Y.H. Lip
Section: Original article

In 1958 Senning and Elmqvist implanted the first permanent cardiac pacemaker (PM) to Arne Larsson, who survived for more than 40 years and ultimately died from different causes [1]. Since then, the use of cardiac implanted electronic devices (CIEDs) is widespread thanks to the technological advances that progressively introduced implanted cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with only pacing activity (CRT-P) or also defibrillation (CRT-D) [2], with increasing clinical indications [3–5].

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