Serum uric acid (SUA) is an end product of purine nucleotide catabolism arising from endogenous and exogenous sources [1,2]. The SUA levels are rigorously controlled by the balance between SUA production and excretion [3]. Excess production or reduced excretion can lead to elevated SUA, which has been reported to be associated with various adverse health outcomes, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and renal dysfunction, in the observational studies and an umbrella systemic review [4–8].
