Modern Internal Medicine stands at a critical inflection point. The traditional disease-centred paradigm, built on clinical phenotypes, organ-based classifications, and population-level evidence, is increasingly challenged by the recognition that most diseases are intrinsically complex, dynamic, and heterogeneous [1]. Cardiovascular, neurological, gastroenterological, and oncological disorders, among others, share a common feature: they arise from multifactorial and interdependent molecular mechanisms, often involving immune dysregulation, genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and stochastic biological variation.
