In contemporary cohorts of stable heart failure (HF) outpatients, the prevalence of renal dysfunction varies upon definition, but may approach 70% [1]. Hemodynamic and metabolic alterations resulting from declining heart function can lead to acute and chronic kidney injury, while progressive sodium overload and fluid retention can trigger acute HF events [2]. The coexistence of HF and chronic kidney disease (CKD) negatively impacts both short- and long-term cardiovascular (CV) outcomes [3].
