Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a complex and intriguing phenomenon with diverse underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that challenge conventional understandings of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1,2]. Unlike typical myocardial infarctions (MI), MINOCA is characterized by MI in the absence of significant coronary artery stenosis (angiographic stenosis <50 %) [3–5]. Existing research has indicated a notable 23.9% incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in MINOCA patients within a four-year follow-up period [6] and a 33 % rate of MACE during ten years of follow-up [7].
