Coronary artery disease includes obstructive epicardial stenosis and ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries driven by microvascular dysfunction. Population screening is limited by the invasiveness and cost of current coronary tests. Retinal imaging provides accessible biomarkers that reflect both epicardial atherosclerosis and coronary microvascular dysfunction, thereby supporting risk stratification and endotype differentiation in coronary artery disease.The aim was to summarize links between retinal measures and coronary anatomy, physiology, and clinical phenotypes to inform risk assessment in cardiology.
