Embolic strokes of undetermined source (ESUS) account for approximately 25% of all ischemic strokes, representing a substantial challenge in clinical practice [1]. The presence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) is considerably prevalent in ESUS [2], and percutaneous PFO closure reduces the risk of recurrent stroke in patients aged 18-60 years with cryptogenic stroke and high-risk PFO features, supporting the argument of a causal association between PFO and ESUS [3].
