Heart failure (HF) is a common chronic condition characterized by progressive cardiovascular and global functional decline, often punctuated by recurrent episodes of decompensation that accelerate disease progression[1] It is increasingly recognized as a geriatric syndrome associated with high mortality, frequent emergency department (ED) visits, hospital admissions, functional deterioration, institutionalization, and impaired quality of life[2] Acute decompensations, commonly referred to as acute HF (AHF) episodes, are typically managed in the ED and frequently result in hospitalization, with reported in-hospital mortality rates ranging from 5% to 10%[3–5].
