September 2026
207 ArticlesBeyond the Guidelines
Sex and gender in the era of personalized medicine: beyond one-size-fits-all
Medicine has traditionally relied on standardized diagnostic and therapeutic protocols perceived as universal and neutral. However, this presumed neutrality reflects a structural bias in the... more
Beyond the guidelines: Preventing heatwave-related admissions and decompensations through thermopharmacological frailty
Heatwaves are becoming more frequent, intense, and prolonged in Europe, creating a predictable clinical stressor for multimorbid patients and increasing pressure on Internal Medicine services.... more
Clinical Insights
Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia: Treatment challenges
Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) (CRAB) is a cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) that can be devastating. Suggested approaches are based on literature review,... more
Multiparametric and multi-organ ultrasound assessment of adiposity for cardiovascular risk stratification
For decades, clinical practice relied on deceptively simple anthropometric measures—most notably body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)—to... more
Commentary
Hyponatremia among frail and elderly: still poorly managed, but at what cost?
Hyponatremia affects between 10% and 30% of hospitalized patients, making it by far the most common electrolyte disorder in clinical practice. Symptoms vary but often include confusion, nausea, and... more
Subclinical hypotension in acute decompensated heart failure: a warning signal, not a therapeutic barrier
Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is characterized by marked clinical and hemodynamic heterogeneity, making the interpretation of blood pressure (BP) particularly challenging[1]. Low BP is... more
Fluid balance in critical illness: From arbitrary thresholds to outcome-linked stewardship
Fluid therapy remains one of the most common, powerful, and potentially hazardous interventions in intensive care. For decades, clinicians have understood that both under-resuscitation and over-... more
Breaking LDL-cholesterol inertia after myocardial infarction: from discharge prescription to closed-loop care
Acute myocardial infarction is both an emergency and the beginning of a prolonged period of exceptionally high recurrent cardiovascular risk. Few components of secondary prevention are supported by... more
A step toward precision screening for occult cancer after venous thromboembolism
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) has long been recognized as one of the earliest clinical manifestations of an underlying malignancy. More than 160 years after Trousseau first recognized the association... more
Subclinical atrial fibrillation in patients treated with Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors: ‘Much ado about nothing or phantom menace’
Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKis) have reshaped the therapeutic landscape of B cell malignancies, significantly improving survival outcomes [1]. However, cardiovascular side effects,... more
Hyperuricemia and prevention of cardiometabolic disease: Unexplored is not unexpected
For decades, the management of hyperuricemia has been largely driven by the occurrence of gout. Outside the context of crystal-induced disease, asymptomatic hyperuricemia has traditionally been... more
Inflammatory disbalance marks high-risk multi-morbid patients with COPD
Lung cancer, neuropsychiatric and musculoskeletal comorbidities are major drivers of transitioning from a never to frequent exacerbator phenotype in COPD and cardiovascular comorbidities... more
Broad-minded or highly specialised: Which physician provides the best care for acutely Ill medical patients?
Driven by major advances in molecular genetics, cell biology, physics, and data science, medicine is evolving at an unprecedented pace. Across virtually all areas of internal medicine, therapeutic... more
Early vasopressin in septic shock: Which evidence should we trust?
Choosing the best treatment for septic shock, which remains one of the leading causes of death in the world, is still one of the most difficult challenges facing emergency physicians, despite timely... more
Positive urine cultures before neutropenia: Interpreting the organism through the host
In this issue of the European Journal of Internal Medicine, Tolosa-Ridao and colleagues address a deceptively simple but clinically consequential question: should asymptomatic bacteriuria detected... more
Corrigendum
Corrigendum to “Identifying distinct clinical phenotypes and outcomes in adult-onset IgA vasculitis using unsupervised clustering analysis” [European Journal of Internal Medicine 147 (2026) 106742]
The authors regret the partial omission of Dr Antoine Hankard’s affiliation details. The correct affiliation information is listed above, and subsequent affiliations have been renumbered accordingly... more
Editorial
P‑values aren’t the problem - 0.05 and our interpretation are. The 7 deadly sins that distort health research
Randomness describes non-deterministic events and is measured through probability. A Galton board illustrates this. Each pin represents a 50/50 chance of moving left or right, like repeated coin... more
When the prescribing of medications triggers a diagnostic cascade
Prescribing cascades are traditionally defined as a sequence in which an adverse effect of a medication is misinterpreted as a new medical condition, leading to the prescription of additional... more
Would a single centralized ethical review in Europe be feasible for multinational trials in public health emergencies?
In the development of clinical research guidelines and regulations over the past 60 years, those relating to research ethics have deserved special attention. Among these, all those referring to the... more
Ideas and Opinions
Targeting the kidney-gut axis in chronic kidney disease: From biological insight to therapeutic opportunity
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly recognized as a systemic disorder characterized by complex metabolic, inflammatory, and cardiovascular interactions [1]. Beyond the progressive decline in... more
Why rare uninformative findings appear highly specific
Sensitivity and specificity remain the dominant metrics for evaluating diagnostic tests in clinical epidemiology, and the Spin and Snout mnemonic—“specific findings rule disease in, sensitive... more
Disease clearance in immune-mediated gastrointestinal disorders: A new standard or a semantic trap?
Immune-mediated gastrointestinal disorders, including eosinophilic oesophagitis, coeliac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease, are increasingly managed with therapeutic goals that extend beyond... more
Internal Medicine Flashcard
Reverse Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome
A 40-year-old woman presented with left lower abdominal pain that had begun 2 days earlier and subsequently shifted to the left hypochondrium. The pain was persistent, worsened with deep inspiration... more
Disseminating subcutaneous nodules without systemic symptoms in an elderly man
A man in his 90 s presented with a 1-month history of more than ten 1–2-cm, elastic-hard, mildly bluish subcutaneous nodules distributed across the chest, abdomen, and thighs, without associated pain... more
When blood doesn’t flow: a 21-year-old man with recurrent arthralgia and muscle soreness
A 21-year-old patient presented with intermittent episodes of myalgia, arthralgia, and bone pain in the extremities and spine, triggered by physical exertion and dating back 9 years. The patient had... more
A flower blooming in the Lung
A 63-year-old Italian woman was referred to our outpatient pulmonology clinic with a three-month history of productive cough associated with yellowish, flake-like sputum and profound asthenia. She... more
A Woman with Progressive Skin Ulceration
A 62-year-old woman with heavy alcohol use developed difficulty walking and reduced oral intake over two weeks, followed by altered consciousness, disorientation, hallucinations, and watery diarrhea... more
Chronic hyperkeratotic and pustular cutaneous lesions of the hand
A 49-year-old Algerian woman, was referred for evaluation of cutaneous lesions evolving for four years suggestive of chronic infection. His medical history was relevant for diabetes mellitus... more
Opportunistic infections in a patient with T-cell lymphocytopenia of unclear cause
A 57-year-old Moroccan woman with no relevant personal and family history presented with a 2 month history of progressive loss of vision of the left eye. Vital signs were normal. Ophthalmologic... more
The “flame sign” in a young painter with acute neurologic deterioration
A 24-year-old man, a painter with two years of occupational exposure to paints and thinners under poorly ventilated conditions (8–10 h daily), presented with a three-month history of headache,... more
Facial swelling with unexpected pelvic hypermetabolism
A 59-year-old man with a history of smoking and adult-onset asthma with recurrent eosinophilia presented with fatigue and weight loss, along with a progressive left facial swelling involving the... more
Invited Review Article
Artificial intelligence in medicine: An ethical and legal review
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into medical practice marks a transformative shift within healthcare delivery, diagnostics, and treatment paradigms. Although... more
Artificial intelligence in diagnostics and medical decision making
Artificial intelligence (AI) applications bear a great promise for healthcare. If successfully implemented, AI could reduce the workload for healthcare professionals and enhance the quality of work... more
A clinically oriented review of cystatin c in hospitalized adults: when creatinine misleads—A practical guide for internists and its role in heart failure risk stratification
Accurate assessment of kidney function is essential in hospitalized patients. However, serum creatinine does not always reflect true kidney function because it can be influenced by factors such as... more
Physical activity in older patients: Push your performance capacity to prevent and limit frailty!
Optimal aging is characterized by older adults maintaining good functional reserves, complete independence, and physiological resilience to stress. Conversely, some elderly individuals exhibit... more
Letter to the Editor
Deprescribing after hypotensive syncope: Recurrence burden and ambulatory blood pressure targets
The multicentre, prospective study by Russo et al. [1] evaluated a deprescribing strategy supported by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in 92 hypertensive patients with severe hypotensive syncope... more
Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in heart failure: Methodological and clinical considerations
We read with great interest the study by Rubio-Gracia J et al., which evaluated the prognostic significance of the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) in the RICA-2 heart failure (HF) registry... more
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome severity as a care pathway marker, not a prognostic determinant: refining sex-specific interpretations in Alcohol use disorder
Dear Editor,
Prurigo nodularis: time to look beyond the skin—towards cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidity
Prurigo nodularis (PN) is increasingly recognised as a systemic disease marker rather than an isolated dermatological disorder. Although the dominant clinical manifestation is chronic, often severe... more
Early allopurinol in asymptomatic hyperuricemia: caution in interpreting modelled cardiorenal benefits
We read the article by Inotai et al. with interest [1]. Whether allopurinol should be started before the first gout flare is a practical question, especially in people already at high cardiovascular... more
Malnutrition predicts adverse clinical outcomes in older patients hospitalized in internal medicine wards
Dear Editor, malnutrition is a frequent but often overlooked condition among hospitalized older adults that substantially affects their prognosis [1,2]. Patients admitted to internal medicine wards... more
Can device-derived digital biomarkers detect physiological response to SGLT2 inhibition in heart failure?
Heart failure (HF) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality despite substantial advances in guideline-directed medical therapy [1]. Alongside therapeutic developments, cardiac implantable... more
Reconsidering the interpretation of prescribing shifts and treatment response in the AMBI-RA study. Authors’ reply
We read with great interest the letter by Huang M. et al. [1] on the AMBI-RA study by our group [2], and we are grateful for their comments which permit to better elucidate the significance of our... more
Orthostatic hypotension in heart failure: Moving from prevalence to phenotype
To the Editor Coscetta and colleagues provide the first systematic estimate of orthostatic hypotension (OH) in patients with heart failure (HF), pooling nine studies (10 cohorts; 2036 patients) and... more
Protein supplementation and diaphragmatic function in hospitalized older adults
Acute hospitalization accelerates muscle loss in older adults through inflammation, immobility, inadequate nutritional intake, and anabolic resistance. Respiratory muscles may also be affected,... more
A tale of two trials: A father-daughter perspective on the bureaucracy of clinical trials in Europe
To the editor,
Should LDL cholesterol targets be individualized according to bleeding risk?
The recently published Ez-PAVE trial has further consolidated one of the fundamental principles of cardiovascular prevention by demonstrating that an intensive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (... more
First UK report of Imlifidase-enabled deceased donor kidney transplantation in highly sensitised recipients
Dear Editor
Pulmonary artery diameter and sudden death in PAH: Is 40 mm a true threshold or a warning value?
We read with great interest the study by Dardi and colleagues investigating the haemodynamic determinants and prognostic implications of pulmonary artery dilation in pulmonary arterial hypertension (... more
Revisiting the link between left atrial enlargement and cerebrovascular events: The need for a multiparametric approach
Dear Editor,
Serum uric acid trajectories in women: Why elevated levels in younger women warrant attention
Serum uric acid (SUA) is usually interpreted as a single measurement against a fixed threshold. In women, however, this static approach may be particularly misleading. SUA follows a dynamic course... more
Comparable 1-year effectiveness of tezepelumab and dupilumab after anti–IL-5/IL-5Rα biologic failure in severe asthma
Since 2003, multiple biologics targeting specific inflammatory pathways have been developed for severe asthma. Despite guideline-recommended selection based on clinical characteristics and biomarkers... more
Reflections on left atrial enlargement. Authors’ reply
Dear Editor,
Hemodynamic renal adaptation, cardiorenal pharmacotherapy, and the case for structured monitoring in HFrEF
We read with great interest the reply by Russo et al. [1], in which the authors addressed comments on their review of renal protection strategies in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (... more
From biological discovery to clinical translation: depot-specific adipose tissue miRNA profiling in gastrointestinal cancer
Dear Editor
Mediterranean diet adherence and sleep quality in polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome: Association or independent predictor?
Dear Editor,
Clarifying the lipid signal: non-HDL cholesterol, remnant cholesterol and metabolic risk in primary care
I read with great interest the study by Baeza-Delgado et al. [1], which assessed the prevalence of elevated non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in 820,318 individuals not receiving... more
Candida bloodstream infection in older adults: sex as a pathway marker, not a mortality shortcut
We read with great interest the multicentre analysis by Bartalucci and colleagues, who evaluated sex-based differences and 30-day mortality in 1132 adults aged 65 years or older with Candida... more
Abatacept in RA-ILD: defining rather than assuming a pulmonary window of opportunity
We read with great interest the multicentre study by Serrano-Combarro and colleagues evaluating abatacept in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). The authors should be... more
Factor XIa inhibitors after acute non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke or high-risk TIA
Dear Editor,
Dismantling the routine use of prophylactic volume expansion in contrast-associated acute kidney injury. Author's reply.
Dear Editor,
Lower incidence of venous thromboembolism in hospital-at-home patients: Do unequal detection opportunities and between-group non-equivalence affect the interpretation of the findings? Author's Reply
Dear Editor,
Retatrutide and the urinary tract infection signal: Is the answer hidden in timing?
Dear editor,
Persistent hyponatremia at discharge: Undertreatment or unresolved diagnosis?
Dear Editor,
Beyond fixed BMI cutoffs after paroxysmal atrial fibrillation ablation
Dear Editor,
The missing piece in severe acquired brain injury care: Integrating neurophysiological screening for critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. Author’s reply
We thank Messina for his insightful comments on our recent article describing a novel Neuro-ICU-Neurorehabilitation Unit (INRU) co-management model for patients with severe acquired brain injury (... more
The denominator matters: Interpreting urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in older patients with heart failure
We read with great interest the study by Rubio-Gracia and colleagues examining the clinical and prognostic significance of the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) in patients with heart... more
The challenge of innovation in lupus between abstraction and reality
“He that will not apply new remedies, must expect new evils.”Francis Bacon, Essays, “Of Innovations”, 1625.
Cultural congruence in mindfulness-based interventions for diabetes-related distress
We read with interest the pilot study by Kortegaard et al. [1] on a group-based intervention targeting diabetes-related emotional distress among emerging adults with type 1 diabetes. While the study... more
In-flight human physiology at high-altitudes: not everyone should fly
Dear Editor,
Beyond comorbidities: Age as an independent predictor of survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension
Dear Editor,
Reconsidering stepwise lipid-lowering titration and outpatient adherence dynamics after acute myocardial infarction
We read with great interest the recent multicenter quality improvement audit by Gragnano and colleagues regarding diagnostic and therapeutic inertia in low density lipoprotein cholesterol management... more
Rethinking residual sex effects in frailty-adjusted ICU mortality
Dankl et al. provide a valuable frailty-adjusted analysis of sex and 30-day mortality in older critically ill adults, and the combination of frequentist and Bayesian estimates is a particular... more
Left atrial enlargement without atrial fibrillation: a warning signal rather than a treatment target
Dear Editor,
Does T90 reflect OSA-specific hypoxic burden or underlying pulmonary disease? Author's reply
Dear Editor,
Interpreting the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Severity, case mix, and clinical utility
We read with interest the retrospective study by Vanetti et al. [1], which evaluated the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in 247 clinically stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary... more
Early brain biopsy in neurological diseases of unknown etiology: Moving the diagnostic clock forward, not skipping the work-up
Dear editor,
Have mediators and at-risk time shaped the Lipoprotein(a)-dementia null? Author’s reply
Dear Editor,
Using latent class analysis for identifying clinical phenotypes associated with prognosis in patients with atrial high-rate episodes
Atrial high-rate episodes (AHRE) detected by cardiac implantable electronic devices are frequently encountered in clinical practice [1,2] and are associated with an increased risk of atrial... more
Severe hyperkalaemia during liposomal amphotericin B treatment, independent of nephrotoxicity
Dear Editor,
Artificial intelligence and clinical responsibility in the multimorbid patient
Artificial intelligence (AI) is not simply transforming clinical practice; it is reshaping how clinical responsibility is organised. Much of the current debate has focused on whether AI will replace... more
Risk reclassification and implementation challenges in the 2026 AHA/ACC pulmonary embolism guideline
The recently published 2026 AHA/ACC guideline for the evaluation and management of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) introduces several conceptual innovations that may influence clinical practice beyond... more
Recurrent Pericarditis, Hydroxychloroquine, and the Unrecognized Risk of Myasthenia Gravis
We read with great interest the article by Trotta et al. evaluating the role of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in recurrent pericarditis (RP), as well as the accompanying commentary by Tan et al. [1,2].... more
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome as the missing piece in the puzzle of cardiovascular–kidney–liver–metabolic syndrome
Dear Editor, the staging framework of cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome initially proposed by the American Heart Association in November 2023 represents an impressive conceptual advance... more
“Non-reproducible mortality data in a hyponatremia–TBI meta-analysis”. Author's Reply
We would like to thank Huang et al [1] for their careful review of our systematic review and meta-analysis [2] and for raising concerns regarding the presentation and reproducibility of the mortality... more
Considerations regarding the diagnosis of short telomere syndrome in a patient with opportunistic infections
The recent manuscript by Belhabib et al., presents an interesting and educational case of opportunistic infections associated with severe CD4+ lymphocytopenia, yet the central conclusion, that the... more
Interpreting echocardiographic improvement in EGPA: pulmonary vascular reversal, cardiac involvement, or disease activity?
We read with interest the study by Carlucci et al., “Eosinophil-linked pulmonary circulation in EGPA Improves under anti-IL-5/R therapy: A longitudinal study” [1]. The authors should be commended for... more
Twelve-year trends in sex and age of patients with COPD and chronic respiratory failure undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation
Dear Editor,
Does T90 reflect OSA-specific hypoxic burden or underlying pulmonary disease?
To the Editor,
The missing piece in severe acquired brain injury care: Integrating neurophysiological screening for critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy
We read with great interest the recent article by Grifoni and Bucciardini, regarding the implementation of an interdisciplinary co-management model between the Neuro-Intensive Care Unit (Neuro-ICU)... more
Readmission risk after protected discharge: are multidimensional tools superior to functional scales?
Early hospital readmissions remain one of the major challenges for healthcare systems and are widely recognized as an indicator of healthcare quality, effective discharge planning, and continuity of... more
Non-reproducible mortality data in a hyponatremia–TBI meta-analysis
Dear Editor,
Logistic regression ignores time-to-event in competing risks analysis
We read with interest the study by Brunetti et al. on oral anticoagulant (OAC) nonprescription in older atrial fibrillation patients with reduced expected survival [1]. The authors should be... more
Optical coherence tomography angiography in systemic sclerosis: from a microvascular signal to clinical utility
Comment on.
Baseline or dynamic prediction after venous thromboembolism? Clarifying the clinical use of the CAVE score for occult cancer
Jara-Palomares and colleagues should be congratulated for developing and externally validating an international score to estimate the risk of cancer within one year after venous thromboembolism (VTE... more
The time has come for comprehensive geriatric assessment in internal medicine
Complexity has become a defining feature of modern internal medicine. Older adults with multimorbidity, polypharmacy, biological and functional vulnerability, and multidimensional frailty now... more
Have mediators and at-risk time shaped the Lipoprotein(a)-dementia null?
Rossi and colleagues report no association between elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and incident dementia in a large propensity-score-matched TriNetX cohort [1]. The study is valuable because Lp(a) is... more
Lower incidence of venous thromboembolism in hospital-at-home patients: Do unequal detection opportunities and between-group non-equivalence affect the interpretation of the findings?
We read with great interest the prospective cohort study by Dos Santos et al. published in the European Journal of Internal Medicine [1]. This study focused on VTE risk assessment in patients with... more
Hydroxychloroquine for recurrent pericarditis
We thank Zhang and Xu [1,2] for their interest in our work [3]. Regarding the observations of Zhang [1], we agree that observational studies can suggest that a treatment may be beneficial but cannot... more
GLP-1 receptor agonists for the management of obesity in individuals treated with antipsychotics
Individuals with psychotic disorders treated with antipsychotic drug classes are at high risk for developing overweight/obesity and related cardiometabolic complications, resulting in excess... more
Dismantling the routine use of prophylactic volume expansion in contrast-associated acute kidney injury
We read with profound clinical interest the recent prospective analysis by Ragnarsdottir et al., [1] in the European Journal of Internal Medicine regarding the evolving risk factors for hospital- and... more
Reporting clinical escalation in Hospital-at-Home: from a single rate to a structured framework
Hospital-at-Home (HaH) programmes are expanding rapidly across European health systems as substitutive acute care models [1,2]. As they consolidate, unplanned transfer back to hospital — termed... more
Microplastics in drinking water: A silent threat amplifying health inequities in low-resource settings
Microplastics have become ubiquitous contaminants in global drinking water supplies. Detected in tap water, bottled water, and untreated sources across both high- and low-income countries, these... more
Male hypogonadism and incretin therapy response
Dear Editor,
Coronary microvascular dysfunction as a plausible convergent mechanism in cancer therapy-related MINOCA: evidence synthesis and a call for diagnostic standardization
Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) accounts for 6–10 % of all acute myocardial infarctions (MI), carries a non-trivial long-term risk of major adverse... more
Evaluating the use of hydroxychloroquine in recurrent pericarditis: Methodological concerns and public health implications
We were highly interested in the article by Trotta et al. regarding the use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for treating recurrent pericarditis (RP) [1]. The authors reported that HCQ significantly... more
Reconsidering the interpretation of prescribing shifts and treatment response in the AMBI-RA study
We read with great interest the AMBI-RA study by Bertola et al. [1], which examined changes in b/tsDMARD prescribing and short-term treatment outcomes after regulatory restrictions on Janus kinase... more
Initial misdiagnoses in Sjögren’s disease patients
Sjögren’s disease (SjD) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease affecting exocrine glands, causing sicca symptoms, arthralgias and fatigue. It is highly heterogenous and may have variable clinical... more
Hydroxychloroquine for recurrent pericarditis: A necessary balance between therapeutic benefit and potential adverse risk
Dear Editor,
Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and bleeding: Pattern, prescription, or both? A call for aspirin-informed analyses in COMBINE-AF
Ntaios and colleagues report an exceptional individual patient-level analysis from COMBINE-AF (n = 71,466), providing unusually precise estimates of outcome gradients between paroxysmal atrial... more
Cumulative nocturnal hypoxemia, but not apnea-hypopnea index, is independently associated with vertebral fracture burden in obstructive sleep apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by recurrent upper airway collapse, intermittent hypoxemia, and sleep fragmentation [1]. Beyond its established... more
Timing of brain biopsy in cryptogenic neurological diseases: beyond diagnostic yield
We read with great interest the study by Aboubakr et al [1] investigating the impact of brain biopsy timing on diagnostic yield and clinical outcomes in patients with neurological diseases of unknown... more
Rethinking renal protection in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction
We read with great interest the review titled “Renal protection in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: not all that glitters is gold” by Elisa Russo and colleagues, published in your... more
Dialysis, but not severe renal dysfunction, is associated with excess bleeding in venous thromboembolism: Insights from a nationwide registry
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a common and potentially fatal complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including... more
Clinical applicability considerations for depot-specific miRNA profiling in gastrointestinal cancer
Dear Editor,
Serological and clinical features in patients with anti‐centromere antibody positivity
Dear Editor,
Refining cerebrovascular risk in left atrial enlargement: integrating CKM framework and atrial cardiomyopathy phenotyping
We read with great interest the article “Left atrial enlargement and 1-year cerebrovascular events in subjects without atrial fibrillation: A prospective cohort study” by Clerici et al. [1]. The... more
Uric Acid, Homocysteine, and comorbidities in sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis (SA) is a multisystem granulomatous disease with a highly variable clinical course. To-date, there are no validated circulating biomarkers capable of reliably predicting long-term outcome... more
SGLT2 inhibitors for acute heart failure: Efficacy established, but for whom and when?
Dear editor,
Beyond survival: nuances in the robustness of SGLT2 inhibitor evidence for HFpEF
We read with great interest the article by Zuin et al., which provides a rigorous evaluation of the robustness of randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence for sodium-glucose co-transporter 2... more
Universities and healthcare as privileged war targets. An urgent call for an international academic and institutional response to the attack on the Lebanese University and the health system
Attacks on universities during armed conflicts represent a profound threat to individual lives but also to the institutions that sustain knowledge, scientific progress, and social stability [1]. In... more
Pathophysiological and prognostic implications of psychological distress in non-obstructive coronary syndromes: When the mind breaks the heart
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide [1], yet the field’s diagnostic and treatment strategies continue to target obstructive epicardial coronary artery disease... more
Methodological considerations for translating the STAMP score in intermediate-high-risk pulmonary embolism
We read with interest the study by Zuin and colleagues reporting the STAMP score for predicting 48-hour clinical deterioration in hemodynamically stable patients with intermediate-high-risk acute... more
From structure to function: A commentary on left atrial enlargement and cerebrovascular events and the potential value of left atrial strain
I read with great interest the article by Clerici and colleagues titled "Left atrial enlargement and 1-year cerebrovascular events in subjects without atrial fibrillation: A prospective cohort study... more
Tachycardia-induced electrocardiogram false positive diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy
Dear Editor:
Original Article
Phenotypic clustering and ABC pathway adherence in patients with atrial fibrillation at high risk of bleeding and stroke: Insights from three global registries
Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are at increased risk of both thrombotic and haemorrhagic events represent a heterogeneous and broad clinical entity, characterized by the presence of... more
Long-term vascular outcomes and biological predictors of thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a 10-year prospective cohort study
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity, but the long-term prognostic value of subclinical atherosclerosis and circulating biomarkers remains... more
Recurrent venous thromboembolism and bleeding during anticoagulation in patients with deep-vein thrombosis treated with vitamin K antagonists or direct oral anticoagulants: insights from the RIETE registry
Randomized trials have shown that direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are as effective as vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) for treating venous thromboembolism (VTE), with less major bleeding. Whether... more
Steroid-sparing biologics in severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review, cross-disease meta-analysis, and translational estimate of corticosteroid-related harm prevented
Oral corticosteroids (OCS) remain widely used in uncontrolled severe asthma and frequently exacerbating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but cumulative exposure is associated with dose-... more
Long-term mortality in patients admitted acutely for chronic liver disease in England: A national cohort study
Mortality of CLD patients after a FEA in England is exceptionally high, with marked differences according to sociodemographic characteristics, aetiology, disease severity, and geographic region.... more
Effects of bariatric surgery on apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, and apolipoprotein B/ apolipoprotein A1 ratio: Findings from a prospective cohort
Bariatric surgery is associated with significant improvements in cardiometabolic health. The apolipoprotein B (ApoB)/apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) ratio has been demonstrated to be a strong predictor of... more
Comparative risks of dementia and Parkinson’s disease with GLP-1 RAs versus other oral glucose-lowering medications in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: a large real-world cohort study
This study evaluates dementia and Parkinson's disease (PD) risk among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity initiating GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) compared with other oral glucose-... more
Sex-specific differences in the clinical and psychiatric phenotype of hospitalized patients admitted to a tertiary alcohol-related disease unit
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic disease characterized by impaired control over alcohol intake, cravings, and continued use despite physical, psychological, and social consequences [1].
Hospitalisation and healthcare use in persons screened for atrial fibrillation compared with usual care
The impact of screening for incident atrial fibrillation (AF) on healthcare use and hospitalisation is largely unknown.
“Hospital-at-home and 30-day readmission among clinically eligible patients: a prospective cohort study with a capacity-constrained comparator group”
To evaluate the association between hospital-at-home (HaH) care and unplanned 30-day hospital readmission using a capacity-based comparator group of clinically eligible patients admitted to... more
Prevalence and incidence of diabetes in patients with non-functional adrenal tumors
The association between non-functional adrenal tumors (NFAT) and diabetes is unclear.
Deprescribing of blood pressure-lowering medications in patients with hypotensive syncope
The hypotensive phenotype of autonomic syncope is characterized by hypotension as the predominant hemodynamic mechanism underlying loss of consciousness [1,2]. The term hypotensive phenotype... more
Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension in heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Orthostatic hypotension (OH), defined as a reduction in systolic/diastolic blood pressure ≥20/10 mmHg upon standing, is common in older adults and may interfere with the optimization of guideline-... more
Educational professional activities for enhancing heart failure guidelines implementation: data from the Optimization of Therapy in the Italian Management of Heart Failure (OpTIMa-HF) Registry
European guidelines recommend for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) rapid initiation and later up-titration of four foundation drugs. We assessed whether an educational... more
Cardiac rehabilitation referral and access by country income class: Comparisons from the International Council of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation’s 2025 Global Audit Update
To characterize CR: (1) referral practices, (2) systematic referral barriers, (3) wait listing, (4) program-level approaches to mitigating patient access barriers, as well as (5) CR reimbursement... more
Biological therapy in Takayasu arteritis. Results from the REVAS registry
Biological therapy in patients with Takayasu arteritis is frequently used, but the factors associated with its use have not been determined. The present study aims to describe and identify predictors... more
Exercise-based prehabilitation programs reduce hospital stay and postoperative complications in surgical patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Cancer prevalence and mortality rates are rapidly increasing worldwide, making it a leading cause of morbidity and death [1]. Although surgery is considered the primary treatment for most cancers [2... more
The cardio-hepatic syndrome and right ventricular dysfunction in heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction
Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) is common in patients with heart failure (HF) and reduced ejection fraction and may lead to cardio-hepatic syndrome (CHS). The present study investigates the... more
Weight-adjusted fluid balance and its impact on days alive without life support in critical illness – an observational cohort study
In the last decade, intravenous fluid therapy in critically ill patients and its adverse side effects have received increasing attention. The total of resuscitation fluids, maintenance fluid therapy... more
Subclinical hypotension in acute decompensated heart failure: prognosis and treatment implementation
Patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) with low blood pressure (BP) represent a clinically challenging yet frequently encountered subgroup in daily practice [1,2].... more
Impact of ECOG performance status on cancer-associated thrombosis treated with DOACs: Data from a multicenter cohort study
Data on safety and effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) and impaired functional status are limited. We evaluated the impact of... more
non-HDL-C: The missing parameter in primary care
Lipid assessment forms part of routine healthcare assessments of the general population, primarily to identify the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). It is recommended that these... more
Adipose tissue and adherence to the Mediterranean diet: Key factors for sleep quality in Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS)?
Sleep disturbances are common findings in women with Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS), though mechanisms remain unclear. This observational case-control study aimed to identify... more
Clinical and prognostic significance of urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in heart failure: insights from the RICA-2 registry
Heart failure (HF) is frequently accompanied by renal dysfunction and systemic congestion, reflecting the complex interaction between the heart and the kidneys within the cardiorenal syndrome. The... more
Diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of euvolemic hyponatremia among geriatric hospitalised patients
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolytic disturbance among inpatients. It is associated with poor outcomes in frail older patients, even for mild disturbances. Prevalence increases with age, and... more
Sex-based differences and clinical outcomes in older adults with Candida bloodstream infection: a post-hoc secondary analysis of a multicentre study
Candida bloodstream infections (BSI) are a major cause of disease in hospitalized patients, with particularly high morbidity and mortality among older adults. However, the impact of biological sex on... more
Low-renin hypertension in incidental adrenal adenomas and response to aldosterone-targeted therapy: a prospective study
Incidental adrenal adenomas are common, yet renin status is infrequently assessed in hypertensive patients. Emerging evidence supports a spectrum of renin-independent aldosterone excess associated... more
Pharmacokinetic robustness of direct oral anticoagulants vs. phenprocoumon in the emergency setting: impact of renal and hepatic impairment
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are increasingly used, but their pharmacokinetic stability compared to vitamin K antagonists during acute illness remains poorly characterized. We aimed to evaluate... more
SARS-CoV-2 infection, viral burden, and variant-specific outcomes in hospitalized patients with heart failure
Patients with heart failure (HF) are particularly vulnerable to systemic infection; however, the combined impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, viral... more
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio: A disease severity biomarker in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a biomarker of systemic inflammation that has been investigated in different chronic diseases. However, its role as biomarker of severity in patients with... more
Unlocking the benefits of allopurinol: the role of timely initiation and adherence in cardiovascular and renal outcomes in hyperuricemia
Hyperuricemia (HU) is a prevalent chronic metabolic condition characterized by elevated serum uric acid (SUA) levels [1]. The accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in joint and extra-articular... more
Vitamin D at hospital admission as an independent predictor of outcome of sepsis patients: Results of a secondary analysis from a “Need-Speed” trial prospective cohort
Sepsis is currently defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to an infection, according to the Sepsis-3 consensus [1].
Diagnostic and therapeutic inertia for LDL cholesterol management of consecutively verified patients with acute myocardial infarction
The effective management of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a cornerstone of secondary prevention in contemporary cardiovascular care [1–5].... more
Eosinophil-linked pulmonary circulation in EGPA Improves under anti-IL-5/R therapy: A longitudinal study
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare, multisystemic vasculitis that primarily affects small to medium-sized blood vessels. It is characterized by a well-defined triad of... more
Depressive symptoms in older patients undergoing electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation. A possible association with clinical complexity, physical performance and inflammation
Atrial fibrillation is the most frequently sustained arrhythmia diagnosed in older individuals. In 15 years, the prevalence of AF greatly increased in subjects ≥85 years approaching 40% [1]. The... more
Asymptomatic atrial fibrillation in patients treated with BTK inhibitors in hematologic malignancies: a systematic review and metanalysis
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a frequent complication of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi) therapy, yet the proportion of asymptomatic AF events in this setting remains poorly defined.
Fibroblast growth factor 23 and mortality, heart failure and cardiovascular events across the chronic kidney disease spectrum - A systematic review and meta-analysis
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a highly prevalent condition worldwide and is associated with a substantial cardiovascular burden and premature mortality [1,2]. The risk of cardiovascular events and... more
How many blood eosinophil measurements are needed to identify COPD patients eligible for biologic therapy? A multi-source decision analysis simulation
Biologic therapies for eosinophilic COPD require a blood eosinophil count (BEC) ≥300 cells/µL for eligibility. Landmark trials used a single screening measurement, yet BEC exhibits substantial within... more
Window of opportunity with abatacept in Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease
ABA stabilised lung function, improved RA control, and reduced glucocorticoid use.Earlier initiation was associated with better DLCO preservation in adjusted analyses, suggesting a possible pulmonary... more
Cardiological hypertensive emergencies: Real word data compared to guidelines indications
Hypertensive Emergencies (HE) are defined as a severe elevation in Blood Pressure (BP), i.e. higher than 180/120 mmHg, associated with the evidence of a new or worsening Hypertension Mediated Organ... more
Polycythemia, SGLT2 inhibitors, and associated outcomes across the cardio-kidney-metabolic spectrum: a pooled analysis of randomized trials
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) increase hemoglobin and hematocrit, effects that have emerged as key statistical mediators of the cardiorenal benefits observed with SGLT2i... more
Recurrent t(9;12) translocation disrupting ACVRL1 intron 9 causes hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia missed by standard exome sequencing in four unrelated families
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) (MIM #187300, ORPHA:774), also known as Rendu-Osler-Weber disease, is a rare autosomal dominant vascular disorder and the second most common inherited... more
Phase III maintenance telerehabilitation in elderly patients with chronic heart failure and type 2 diabetes (TELEMECHRON study)
Heart failure (HF) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are significant public health concerns. This study evaluated a 6-month home-based telemedicine program for older patients with combined HF and T2DM. The... more
Sex and 30-day mortality in elderly critically Ill adults: A frailty-adjusted multinational analysis with frequentist and bayesian estimates
Evidence on sex-related mortality differences in critically ill older adults is inconsistent, and frailty is rarely incorporated despite its major prognostic relevance in geriatric intensive care.
Prevalence and impact of psychiatric and neurocognitive comorbidities on pulmonary rehabilitation outcomes
Chronic respiratory diseases are associated with psychiatric/neurocognitive comorbidities; prevalence, clinical impact and responsiveness to in-patient pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) remain poorly... more
Pre-admission and in-hospital embolisms have a different prognostic significance in infective endocarditis
To describe the clinical profile of a large cohort of patients with left-sided IE (LSIE) and embolic events (EE); to explore differences between those who present with an embolism at admission (EEa)... more
Innovative co-management between Neuro-ICU and Neurorehabilitation Unit in patients with severe acquired brain injury: enhancing clinical care pathways
Severe acquired brain injury (sABI) is a major challenge in post-acute care, affecting disability, quality of life, and healthcare resources. Traditional sequential care from acute units to... more
Anti-Ro/SSA and rheumatoid factor antibodies are associated with more severe lung involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis: a study from the EUSTAR database
In the large EUSTAR cohort, anti-Ro/SSA antibodies are detected in 15% of SSc patients and represent an independent risk factor for the presence and severity of ILD, particularly for cases with anti-... more
Development and external validation of an international score to predict cancer 1 year after venous thromboembolism
Routine cancer screening is not recommended after venous thromboembolism (VTE), but improved risk stratification may support tailored strategies.
Epicardial fat enhances prediction of exercise-induced hypertension and ventricular arrhythmias in asymptomatic normotensive individuals
Exercise stress testing is commonly used to evaluate the cardiovascular response to exercise and to identify coronary artery abnormalities and arrhythmias. The normal physiological response to... more
Exercise pulmonary hypertension in asymptomatic patients with HIV infection Insights from the RIGHT-NET registry
Asymptomatic patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection may remain at increased risk for pulmonary vascular disease. We therefore explored the pulmonary circulation in these patients... more
Pulmonary artery dilation in pulmonary arterial hypertension: haemodynamic determinants and association with sudden death
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure, leading to right ventricular failure and reduced survival.... more
Sex-related disparities in sepsis in western Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Sepsis is a potentially fatal systemic disease characterized by dysregulated immune response to infection [1]. Despite significant improvements in early detection and management, sepsis continues to... more
Discharge medical treatment implementation and predictors of a successful decongestion in patients with acute heart failure: first data from the BRING-UP 3 Heart Failure Study
Current discharge management of acute heart failure patients and clinical predictors of successful decongestion in a large Italian network of cardiology sites.AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass... more
Infectious complications of ANCA-associated vasculitis: Description and associated outcome
ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) are a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affect small vessels, according to the Chapel Hill classification [1] and cause necrotizing vasculitis and result... more
Early vasopressin administration in septic shock: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and multicenter retrospective observational study
To determine the optimal timing for initiating vasopressin in septic shock.
Hypertension and blood pressure profiles in patients with acute intermittent porphyria: a prospective case-control study
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), a rare disorder of heme biosynthesis, may manifest with neurovisceral crises affecting autonomic regulation. This study aimed to assess blood pressure (BP) pattern... more
Relationship between T90 and systemic hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: Data from the European sleep apnea database
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a sleep disorder characterized by a partial or complete cessation of upper airway during sleep. It is estimated that approximately one billion individuals between... more
Specialist or generalist management of emergency medical admissions - immediate and long-term outcomes
To study whether the admission of unselected emergency medical patients, under either a Consultant with General Medicine (GIM) or Specialist accreditation, influenced either short or longer-term all-... more
Hospital-to-community care pathways for patients with heart failure, an inter-society consensus document
Heart failure (HF), defined as the inability of the heart to meet the metabolic requirements of peripheral tissues, or to do so only at the expense of elevated ventricular filling pressures,... more
Effects of urine uromodulin levels on the association between sodium intake and ambulatory blood pressure in individuals with chronic kidney disease
In CKD, hypertension is often accompanied by sodium sensitivity. Uromodulin promotes sodium sensitivity by activating tubular sodium transporters (NKCC2, NCC). In the general population, individuals... more
Prognostic impact of percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndrome vs. elective settings in heart transplant recipients
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) affects >50% of patients following heart transplantation (HTX) within ten years and is one of the main reasons for late graft failure. The study aimed to... more
Fatty acid binding protein 4, resistin, diastolic dysfunction, and cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease associated with CV system involvement [1]. Cardiovascular mortality and incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) are increased by... more
Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in high-risk hematological patients and its association with bacteremia: A prospective observational study on the need for antibiotic treatment
Antibiotic treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB) is not recommended in the general population, and its significance in oncohematological patients remains unclear.
Practice Guidelines
Identification and management of sarcopenia in patients with multimorbidity: An EFIM critically appraised and adapted guideline
Sarcopenia is highly prevalent among adults with multimorbidity and contributes substantially to frailty, disability, prolonged hospitalization, and mortality. International guidelines offer robust... more
Review Article
Microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes in people with HIV
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasingly prevalent in people with HIV, with reported prevalence estimates generally ranging from 5% to 15% across contemporary cohorts. It represents a major contributor... more
Personalizing cardiovascular prevention in chronic kidney disease: an operational framework for risk-treatment mapping
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) bear a disproportionate burden of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality, yet preventive strategies in clinical practice remain remarkably conservative... more
Sex and gender specific considerations on frailty: what have we learned?
Aging entails a progressive impairment of functions and, ultimately, leads to increased susceptibility to disability, morbidity, and mortality. Around 85% of people aged more than 75 years suffer... more
Particle engineering, aerosol physics, and pulmonary deposition of single-inhaler triple ICS/LABA/LAMA therapies in obstructive airway diseases
Search Strategy
Sugar and artificial sweeteners and risk of cardiovascular disease
Humans have an innate preference for sweetness; in this regard, dietary sugar consumption patterns are established early in life. Although moderate consumption of naturally occurring sugars from... more
Acute cardio-renal and Reno-Cardiac syndromes in critical care
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) encompasses a spectrum of disorders in which acute or chronic dysfunction of the heart or kidneys are the key drivers of injury. CRS types 1 and 3 are the subtypes most... more
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome in hospitalized patients: a practical review
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) develops in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and physical dependence after abrupt cessation or substantial reduction of sustained heavy alcohol use. It is... more
Cardiovascular complications of antineoplastic treatment in prostate cancer patients and compensatory strategies for clinical management
Prostate cancer (PCa) represents one of the most prevalent malignancies affecting men worldwide and constitutes a major public health challenge. According to the most recent GLOBOCAN estimates,... more
Testosterone therapy in chronic kidney disease patients: an underutilized resource
Testosterone deficiency is highly prevalent in men with chronic kidney disease (CKD), affecting 30–70% of patients depending on disease stage and diagnostic criteria. Despite its frequency and... more
Understanding the Barriers to Translating Artificial Intelligence into the Clinical Laboratory
Artificial intelligence (AI) is having a transformational impact on society, yet its adoption in laboratory medicine has proceeded notably slower than in many other industries and even different... more
From technology adoption to noise reduction: Behavioral and psychological dimensions of clinical artificial intelligence deployment
For more than five decades, patients with the same condition have received markedly different care depending on which clinician they happen to see. This unwarranted clinical variation has been... more
Retinal microcirculation as a window to coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease includes obstructive epicardial stenosis and ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries driven by microvascular dysfunction. Population screening is limited by the... more
Healthcare sustainability and the planetary crisis: A solution orientation
The climate crisis is an escalating public health emergency that demands urgent, systemic action from the healthcare sector. This article presents a solution-oriented framework for integrating... more
Linking the exposome to frailty: pathways, mechanisms, clinical implications, and prevention
Frailty is a state of heightened vulnerability arising from multisystem decline, in which minor stressors can precipitate disproportionate deterioration in function and health. It predicts falls,... more
Artificial intelligence in cardiovascular care for internal medicine: from promising algorithms to useful clinical services
Cardiovascular disease is a core part of internal medicine, where clinicians manage patients with multimorbidity, polypharmacy, repeated transitions of care, and a high burden of fragmented... more
Device-based therapies for cardiorenal syndrome: A comprehensive, mechanism-driven framework for next-generation decongestion
Cardiorenal dysfunction is a major contributor to morbidity, rehospitalization, and mortality in advanced heart failure (HF) and cardiogenic shock. Traditional decongestive approaches—loop diuretics... more
Organization and delivery of home-based care for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients receiving long-term home non-invasive ventilation: a systematic review
The delivery of LTHNIV remains heterogeneous, even within countries. This variability in care organization and reporting mandates establishing harmonized, patient-centred pathways that integrate... more