Published: 11 August 2026
Author(s): Marzia Miglionico, Valentina Manzini, Giovanna Valentina Florelli, Giulio Francesco Romiti, Laura Bagnara, Stefania Basili, Marco Proietti, Valeria Raparelli
Issue: August 2026
Section: Review Article

Aging entails a progressive impairment of functions and, ultimately, leads to increased susceptibility to disability, morbidity, and mortality. Around 85% of people aged more than 75 years suffer from chronic diseases. Patients with chronic conditions often present a complex interplay of multimorbidity, polypharmacy and frailty, which are influenced by several characteristics of individuals, including biological sex (i.e., biological attributes, determined by the sex chromosomes, genes, reproductive and endocrine system) and sociocultural gender (i.e., a social construct which refers to culture-bound conventions, roles, and behaviours of individuals).

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