Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and heart failure (HF) are two highly prevalent chronic conditions that together contribute substantially to the global burden of disease. The coexistence of HF and CKD is highly prevalent, driven by shared risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. It is estimated that up to 50 % of HF patients have some degree of CKD, while advanced CKD is almost universally associated with cardiac dysfunction. When present simultaneously, they mutually exacerbate one another and engage in a bidirectional and synergistic interaction that amplifies systemic dysfunction, accelerates organ failure, and markedly worsens clinical outcomes.
