Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing global health burden, affecting over 850 million people worldwide and contributing substantially to cardiovascular morbidity, premature mortality, and escalating health care resource utilization [1,2]. For decades, the cornerstone of CKD management has been inhibition of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), primarily through angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers [3]. While these therapies reduce proteinuria and slow disease progression, they provide only partial protection and do not fully address the complex pathophysiology of CKD [4].
