Published: 28 August 2023
Author(s): Stefania Paolillo, Christian Basile, Simona Dell'Aversana, Immacolata Esposito, Alfonsina Chirico, Angela Colella, Gennaro Esposito, Mariafrancesca Di Santo, Maria Francesca Fierro, Francesca Carbone, Federica Marzano, Chiara Amato, Paola Gargiulo, Pasquale Perrone Filardi
Section: Original article

Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of cardiovascular (CV) mortality and morbidity, resulting in more than one million hospitalizations per year. In patients affected by HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), a therapeutic approach based on the prescription of the four classes of disease-modifying drugs, as ACE inhibitors/Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitors (ARNI), beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, significantly impact on medium and long-term prognosis; similarly, the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) has a Class of Recommendation IIa in HF with mildly reduced EF (HFmrEF) in the most recent European Guidelines.

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