Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of cardiovascular (CV) mortality and morbidity, resulting in more than one million hospitalizations per year. In patients affected by HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), a therapeutic approach based on the prescription of the four classes of disease-modifying drugs, as ACE inhibitors/Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitors (ARNI), beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, significantly impact on medium and long-term prognosis; similarly, the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) has a Class of Recommendation IIa in HF with mildly reduced EF (HFmrEF) in the most recent European Guidelines.
