Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive disorder defined by structural or functional kidney abnormalities persisting for at least three months. According to KDIGO criteria, CKD is diagnosed by a sustained reduction in eGFR below 60 mL/min per 1.73 m² and/or markers of kidney damage such as albuminuria or structural abnormalities [1]. Progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD; eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m²) necessitates renal replacement therapy, with transplantation remaining the preferred option [2].
