Heart failure (HF) is a significant global health concern burdened by an increasingly prevalent issue in both developed and developing countries [1]. It currently affects over 20 million people worldwide, and its prevalence is increasing as populations age and cardiovascular survival improves. HF incidence increases exponentially with age, affecting almost 10 % of individuals over 65, and remains the leading cause of hospitalisation in this age group [2]. This age-dependent trend is largely explained by the accumulation of comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes and coronary artery disease, as well as age-related changes such as fibrosis, endothelial dysfunction and increased ventricular stiffness [2].
