Prostate cancer (PCa) represents one of the most prevalent malignancies affecting men worldwide and constitutes a major public health challenge. According to the most recent GLOBOCAN estimates, approximately 1.47 million new cases were diagnosed globally in 2022, with an estimated 397,000 deaths [1]. By 2040, these numbers are projected to increase to 2.4 million cases and 712,000 deaths [2], making prostate cancer one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among men worldwide. Incidence varies widely by region, with the highest rates in North America, Europe, Australia/New Zealand, and the Caribbean, and lower rates in Asia and Africa, largely due to differences in aging, genetics, environment, and prostate-specific antigen (psa)-based screening [3].
