Dear Editor, the staging framework of cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome initially proposed by the American Heart Association in November 2023 represents an impressive conceptual advance, recognizing the interconnected pathophysiology and clinical concomitance of overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), also emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach [1]. The recently published multidisciplinary consensus statement by Kreutz and colleagues further highlighted the importance of integrated diagnostic assessment and treatment strategies across the cardiovascular–kidney–liver–metabolic (CKLM) continuum -encompassing metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) -, particularly within primary care settings, where multimorbidity is increasingly encountered [2].
