Heart failure (HF) remains one of the most complex and heterogeneous syndromes in healthcare systems, where multiple biological processes converge long before the onset of symptoms. Despite substantial therapeutic advances, its global burden continues to rise, driven by population ageing and the increasing prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors. In 2019, it was estimated that 52.2 million people across 204 different countries were living with HF, and these figures continue to rise (1). Within this landscape, understanding the underlying mechanisms of this disease is essential for early diagnosis and pharmacological treatment, as well as for optimizing its management from any perspective.
