Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) frequently suffer from other chronic conditions, with cardiovascular disease being especially common. The presence of cardiovascular disease in patients with COPD complicates overall disease management and is associated with worse morbidity and high mortality. Furthermore, patients who are hospitalised due to a COPD exacerbation are at an increased risk of death not only during hospitalisation but also for at least one year post-discharge, with the coexistence of cardiovascular comorbidities being key predictors of poor medium-term outcomes.
