Atrial fibrillation (AF), one of the most common dysrhythmia in clinical practice, remains frequently in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). AF is associated with a fivefold risk of stroke, a threefold incidence of heart failure, and an increased risk of death. Co-existence of AF and CKD raises substantially morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the optimal treatment approach (rate versus rhythm control) remains debated due to lack of hard evidence. Oral anticoagulation is challenging, since these patients have both a prothrombotic state and an increased risk of stroke and an inherent platelet and vascular dysfunction and an amplified rate of bleeding.
