Anemia, defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as hemoglobin (HGB) levels < 13.0 g/dl (9.0 mmol/L) in adult men and < 12.0 g/dl (7.5 mmol/L) in adult non-pregnant women [1], can be observed in nearly 25% of the global population [2]. Although it manifests across all age groups, the incidence tends to rise with increasing age [3]. Anemia is a frequent comorbidity in patients with acute and chronic cardiovascular (CV) and cerebrovascular (CBV) diseases, and a negative predictor for overall-survival in patients with chronic heart failure [4].
