The definition, epidemiology and pathophysiology of the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome are detailed in the preceding articles in this collection. For many years risk-modifying therapy targeted individual aspects of CKM syndrome. Statins target dyslipidaemia and atherosclerotic risk (i.e. C&M), and renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) inhibitors target hypertension, heart failure complications and risk of kidney outcomes (C&K). The focus of the present article is drug therapies which have broader effects, with emphasis on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based therapies and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.
