Heart failure (HF) is a global pandemic that affects nearly 60 million people worldwide. Despite continuous and significant advances in treatment, HF continues to be associated with poor prognosis and high mortality rates 1. The complexity of HF, combined with its growing prevalence, especially among older populations burdened with multiple comorbidities, poses significant challenges for clinicians. Accurate patient profiling has emerged as a key aspect of HF treatment and prognosis 2. However, due to the heterogeneous nature of this syndrome, effective risk stratification is difficult, especially as patients present with associated disorders beyond the cardiovascular system 3.
