Published: 23 November 2025
Author(s): Fernando A. Rivera, Ridwan Ahmad, Jorge Trejo-Gutierrez
Section: Review Article

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and they also represent a significant burden in terms of health care expenditure, equipment use, therapeutic interventions and high medical resources consumption. Despite multiple preventive and management efforts, development of epidemiological and research programs along with the implementation of tools (calculators) for cardiovascular risk assessment during the last decades, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) continue to rise during 2025,1,2 and it seems will be affecting our communities longer if there are no direct, coordinated and effective multidisciplinary actions.

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